This article was first published in the fourth-quarter 2012 edition of Personal Finance magazine –  Margarete King
(At the end of the article below  is a “summary of questions to be asked” for your convenience.)
What you should look for before you sign up for a retirement village.
Advertisements and brochures for retirement villages show elderly people walking on beaches, playing bowls, chatting to nurses, reading in well-appointed lounges and always smiling, smiling, smiling.
The truth can be quite different for some. “We are financial prisoners,” a resident of a retirement village has gone as far as to say.
Another wrote to Personal Finance to say he and his fellow residents had discovered that they had signed agreements with what they felt were “very onerous conditions”.
You, as a retiree, may feel like a financial prisoner of a retirement village because:
* You will probably lose money on your home, which will make it difficult for you to move if the conditions and service are not up to your expectations. In almost all retirement villages, the property ownership structures require that you surrender to a levy support system part of the profit your investment has made.
For sectional title properties, you usually have to give up part of the resale price of your unit when you sell, which limits your ability to relocate, to downscale in the same establishment or to move into an assisted-living facility.
Life rights schemes are usually based on your lending money to the developer for the right to live in a unit. You do not own property in the scheme.
Your specific arrangement will determine how much of the original loan you will receive back if you were to sell your right. You could get back all, some or none of your capital contribution – or you could get back all of your capital plus a portion of the profit derived from the sale. Even if you get back your full loan, there is still an opportunity cost, because your capital has not been growing while prices for accommodation have probably been increasing.
The bottom line is that – in either a sectional title or a life rights structure – if you want to relocate, you will have to find extra capital to move to equivalent accommodation, or you will have to settle for accommodation that costs less.
* You may wait a long time before you are paid out for your life rights investment. Your contract will probably require that you wait until your life right is resold before you get back the money you lent to the scheme. This may take years.
“Life rights are much cheaper than sectional title or share block schemes,” Paul Wisenberg, conveyancer at Cape Town law firm Maurice Phillips Wisenberg, says. “Life right represents easy access to a retirement village, but you can’t get out easily.
“I have a difficulty with life rights. In all the agreements I have seen, you get your money back (or a portion of your money back) only when the life right is resold. You may have a long wait to find a buyer, and then the deal can fall through.
“Sales have been very difficult in recent times, so winding up an estate or an attempt to move can be very delayed, sometimes by years,” he says.
Wisenberg can’t find any provision in either the Housing Development Schemes for Retired Persons Act (HDSRPA) or the regulations under the Act that makes the repayment of a life right dependent on the resale of the right. The stipulation appears simply to be written into the contracts of most schemes.
Raymond Schuller is the marketing and public relations manager of Cape Retirement Lifestyles, the developer of life rights village Rosehaven in the Western Cape. He says life rights is a complex business model “because one is selling the right to live in a unit for an unknown period, usually over the span of two people’s lives.
“The resale is, of course, also influenced by the movements in the property market. Under ‘normal’ market conditions, though, the turnaround time could be as soon as three to four months.
“Because profits under the life rights scheme are only realised over the long term, very few developers can afford to repay before a unit has been resold into the market.”
* You may find it difficult to lay claim to your rights. If you, as a resident of a retirement village, want to take a complaint further, you are likely to get short shrift if you approach the police to say that parts of the Sectional Titles Act or HDSRPA are not being observed in your village.
An Ombud for Community Schemes has been in the pipeline for years, but, as at the time of writing in September, the Community Schemes Ombud Services Act of 2011 had not yet been promulgated. Once the office does come into being, Wisenberg says, it will cover schemes governed by the Sectional Titles Act, the Share Blocks Control Act and the HDSRPA.
* You may be disadvantaged by an imbalance of power. People who live in a retirement village may find it more difficult to assert their rights than do people who are not retired, because the developer or entity that operates the village has more power than the residents.
Strife over the governance structure in a retirement village can even become a matter of human rights. Piet Jacobs and other residents of Thornhill Manor Retirement Village in Modderfontein, Gauteng, felt so strongly that residents had been sidelined in the running of their village that they complained to the South African Human Rights Commission in 2010.
The aggrieved residents alleged that their constitutional right to just administrative action had been violated and that their rights of protection under the HDSRPA had been “waived or abandoned” (see “Thornhill Manor/Rand Aid”, below).
This article will look at how property ownership operates and the implications for your pocket and for the governance of retirement villages. It does not look at service levels, because grievances and success stories differ from village to village. But Personal Finance can provide you with tips on the questions to ask before you sign on the dotted line. If you properly investigate the governance, costs and services of a village before you commit yourself, you will reduce the chances of disappointment later on, when it may be too late to relocate.
We have used information from three different villages – Thornhill Manor, Noordhoek Manor and Rosehaven Gardens – to provide you with a cross-section of real examples. We do not mean to imply that these villages are any worse or any better than others; they are simply villages that have come to the attention of Personal Finance because residents have contacted this publication in connection with service and governance at their schemes. The developer of Evergreen Lifestyle retirement villages has also contributed.
Most accommodation schemes for retirees are developed along the lines of sectional title, life rights or share block or combinations of these. The HDSRPA, which was designed to protect the interests of retirees, covers these three forms of property holding.
The Act operates concurrently with other Acts that govern property ownership. So, for example, people who live in a sectional title village for retired people would be covered by both the Sectional Titles Act and the HDSRPA.
Professor Gerrit Pienaar says in his book Sectional Titles and Other Fragmented Property Schemes that group housing schemes for retirees characterised by indivi-dual ownership of stands but with the common pro-perty owned by a homeowners’ association, of which the individual owners are members, also fall within the scope of the HDSRPA. But Pienaar says these schemes are rarely aimed only at retired people. As a result, this article does not deal with homeowners’ association arrangements.
Below is our checklist to help you look beyond the glossy brochures. But the best action you can take is to have any agreement checked by an attorney to make sure you fully understand its implications.
“There are legal practitioners who specialise in this,” Wisenberg says. “Conveyancers in general have more experience, but you can’t exclude good commercial lawyers.”

1. Financial matters

* Is the scheme viable? With all the corruption being uncovered in different sectors of society, you have to be careful, Wisenberg says.
“The size of the operator and length of time it has been operating are a guide but are not a guarantee it won’t fail,” he says.
You need to turn to a person or a company that has the professional skills to figure out whether or not a village is financially sound.
“Have the financial statements [of a life rights development] checked by an accountant to assess the strength of the developer,” Wisenberg says.
For a sectional title scheme, have an accountant check the financials and the annual report for, among other things, the level of unrecovered debt, whether any loans have been taken out, and, if so, under what conditions, and the level of reserves.
* What part of your capital will the scheme retain and how will this portion be calculated? In a sectional title scheme, a portion of the profit on the resale of your section generally goes towards a levy support system. This is a way of stabilising your levy – and everyone else’s – against sharp increases and of protecting you from unexpected expenses.
“Levy”, in the words of the HDSRPA, means the amount payable as a contribution to the costs of the control, management and administration of a housing development scheme.
Wisenberg says you can expect to forfeit between 20 percent and 40 percent of the profit you realise on the resale of your unit (your section plus your undivided share of the common property). His advice, though, is to check on how “profit” is defined in the purchase agreement.
“Ideally, it should be true profit, with all your costs taken into account. Usually, the scheme defines profit as the price you realise on resale minus the price you originally paid.
“But profit should take into account all your costs: transfer costs of buying the property initially, any improvements you have effected, any commission you have to pay when you sell,” Wisenberg says.
At Noordhoek Manor, a sectional title village near Cape Town (see “Noordhoek Manor/Faircare”, below), the seller surrenders to the management 40 percent of the enhancement value, which is defined as the selling price minus the original purchase price plus the cost of any improvements.
For example, if a resident bought a unit for R425 000 and has effected improvements of R100 000, and sells for R2 million, the enhancement value of the property would be R1.475 million. Forty percent of that, or R590 000, is given over to the stabilisation fund. The seller will retain R1.41 million.
There is no commission to be paid if the seller uses Noordhoek Manor’s approved estate agents.
The fine print is that the improvements have to be approved by the body corporate and reported to the operator within three months of completion.
In a life rights structure, a portion of your resale profit or your original capital may go towards stabilising levies or into a similar fund, and a portion may go to the developer as profit.
If the developer is a non-profit organisation, the money may be used for social upliftment projects.
At Rosehaven, residents who signed life rights agreements since March 2004 agreed to the following: if a resident wants to leave the village within five years of taking up a life right, Cape Retirement Lifestyles will refund the capital loan minus a brokerage fee of five percent plus VAT. The brokerage is levied on the capital loan plus any growth in the value of the accommodation.
If the agreement is terminated after five years, the first five years are not counted for capital growth. The refund is the capital loan “plus an amount equal to the Rode house price index, Cape Town, as recorded for the year preceding the said termination per completed year for each additional year after the initial five years, subject to a maximum of 10 percent per annum”. Brokerage is paid on the amount refunded.
Residents who signed life rights agreements before March 2004 receive their capital plus half of the net profit. Residents pay a brokerage fee.
For couples living in the cottages or apartments at non-profit organisation Rand Aid’s life rights villages, including Thornhill Manor, no money goes to the estate of the first-dying person, according to the Rand Aid website (www.randaid.co.za). When the second of the couple dies, 80 percent of the original purchase price goes into that person’s estate.
* Who keeps control of the retained money? The retained portion of a departing resident’s capital usually goes into the hands of the operator or managing agent that provides the guarantee for the levy stabilisation fund, Wisenberg says.
“Your money is as safe as the guarantee. No operator is able to guarantee the stabilisation fund unless it is in control of the funds. This is a sticking point, because the board of trustees of the body corporate, in terms of the [Sectional Titles] Act, is required to be in control of funds.”
“Check out the fine print. Check out the guarantees,” Wisenberg says.
* For what is the retained money used? At Rosehaven, a maximum of half, and no less than 20 percent, of the retained portion goes to the levy stabilisation and the repair and maintenance funds, which can be used only for the benefit of the village.
No less than half of the retained portion, and a maximum of 80 percent, goes to Cape Retirement Lifestyles to use at its discretion.
At Thornhill Manor, the 20 percent of the purchase price that is retained is used by Rand Aid “for the continuous provision of services to the less advantaged”, according to its website.
* Does an entity with a financial obligation to the village curtail any rights to which you are entitled by law, and, if so, are you satisfied with this situation? This is at the heart of the complaint by three Thornhill Manor residents to the Human Rights Commission.
At Noordhoek Manor, frailcare operator Faircare underwrites the levy system. Because of this, it “wishes to retain exclusive control over the formulation of the annual budget and the disbursement of our levies in the running of the village”, the Noordhoek Manor newsletter for June/July 2012 reported. But the Sectional Titles Act says the body corporate must decide and vote on the budget.
A village may apply to the Department of Trade and Industry for an exemption from sections of the HDSRPA. Your investigation should take account of whether an exception to sections of the Act has been granted and, if so, what it will cover.
* Do you understand the profit model on which the village is structured, and are you happy with the implications? If a village is run so that it generates a profit, it is possible that residents who are under financial pressure may come to resent the profit motive.
Pienaar mentions in his book that the HDSRPA has to balance the needs of retirees with the fact that private developers with a profit motive are involved in many schemes. The Act has to provide protection “without discouraging responsible developers from investing their money and entrepreneurial skills”, he writes.
The ultimate beneficiaries may not be shareholders. A non-profit organisation may use revenue generated by the retirement villages it runs to fund other initiatives. For example, 30 percent of the income from Cape Retirement Lifestyles goes to what Schuller calls “the mother brand”, Communicare, which provides affordable rental accommodation.
* Who is the managing agent of the village? You should find out whether there is a service level agreement in place and whether it is being adhered to. You want to look for conflicts of interest between the managing agent and the developer or any other major player in the village.
* Is there more than one agreement for residents who bought at different times? Villages may adjust their operating models over time in response to a changing economic situation, and this can result in residents living in the same village under different conditions. There is scope for dissatisfaction if early joiners enjoy better financial conditions than do late joiners.
Rosehaven residents who moved in before March 2004 are governed by a different loan repayment structure – one that leaves them better off than residents who joined after March 2004.
At Noordhoek Manor, residents who joined in the early years of the scheme have a levy that does not escalate, and they are not required to pay a food levy.
Timothy Irvine, a partner in the Faircape Group, says later joiners have a “levy indemnity amount” that is based on actual costs at the time they join and escalates in line with the consumer price index. They also pay a food levy of R570, which is spent on food at the village’s dining facilities.
All the residents would pay a special levy if the residents voted to impose one, Irvine says.
Although there is nothing a potential villager can do about disparities, he or she should be aware if a two-tier (or more) structure is in place, and he or she should accept the implications before joining.
* In an escalating levy system, at what rate does the levy escalate and are there any limits to the escalation? “The HDSRPA requires a life right developer to provide a ‘statement of basis’ upon which any levy is to be calculated, as well as an estimate, for a period of two years in advance, of the amount of the levy,” Arthur Case, general manager of Evergreen Lifestyles, says.
The Act is silent on levy escalations, so you should make sure there is a reasonable levy escalation clause in the purchase agreement before you sign, he says.
* What services does the monthly levy cover and how extensive are the services? Your due diligence should determine whether the levy covers electricity, water, satellite television, a garden service, maintenance, insurance, municipal rates, security and laundry services.
Case says that in a life rights village, the occupants cannot be asked to make a financial contribution to any operating costs beyond their monthly levy. He says the only cost life rights holders in Evergreen villages are required to cover in addition to their levy is for their own consumption of water and electricity.
Your investigation should also determine the quality of the services. The glossy brochure may say there is 24-hour security, but is it confined to a perimeter fence and gate control, or is it more sophisticated than that? Does the security system need to be upgraded soon, and, if so, who will carry the cost?
Nursing services may be advertised, but that does not mean they are free of charge. If you are not moving into frailcare, find out whether you have to pay for a nurse to bring you tablets or to check up on you.
A Personal Finance reader who approached the magazine because she is unhappy with the level of care and service she receives at her village provided a checklist of what questions she would ask if she were given another chance to select a village: –

• Does the organisation offer a caring environment where your health and well-being are important to management?
• Would a nurse call on each resident at least once a week?
• Would carers be available to stay in homes, if required, at a basic cost?
• Is an emergency system available and regularly checked? This would include panic buttons in all homes and for all residents and a generator that could be relied on if the electricity failed.
• Is a handyman service available?
• Are the grounds taken care of regularly?
• Are meals available and are they delivered, if required? Are special dietary needs catered for?
• Is there a laundry and house-cleaning service?
• Is there a driver available – for example, for shopping trips and doctors’ appointments – at no or minimal cost?
• Are there a variety of exercise facilities?
• Is the security of individual residences and the surroundings top class, and will the security measures be continuously upgraded without special levies being imposed?

* Is the village being developed in different phases, and will some of the promised services be available only once a future phase is completed? In its September 2010 issue, investigative publication Noseweek wrote about Evergreen’s retirement village in Muizenberg. Residents were promised a heated indoor swimming pool, putting and bowling greens, and a croquet facility.
But two years after having moved in, residents were still waiting for “Phase 2”, with the promised facilities, Noseweek reported in issue 131.
Other facilities were delivered, including a gym, bar, library and leisure centre.
But the residents had no way to enforce delivery of all the facilities. Noseweek reported that the agreements they signed contained a clause to the effect that if the facilities they receive differ from what the marketing materials promised, the agreement would take precedence.
Case did not want to comment on the Noseweek article. The Evergreen Muizenberg Phase 2 apartment block will be completed by July 2013, he says.
Evergreen’s policy is not to make a profit out of levies, and “we underwrite operating losses until a village is complete and fully occupied”, he adds.
* For what other levies will you be liable? In a sectional title village, you may have to pay a mandatory monthly food levy, regardless of whether or not you consume the food.
Sectional title holders will probably be liable for special levies that arise as a result of unexpected expenses. The minutes of the past few annual general meetings (AGMs) and any special meetings will give you an idea of any extraordinary expenses looming on the horizon and the potential size of the knock.
Life rights villagers cannot be asked to pay special levies, Case says. This “can be a major advantage over sectional title schemes when villages age and require more maintenance”, he says.
* Will you be able to make structural improvements to your accommodation? Your ability to add a sunroom or to modify the interior of your section for better wheelchair access, for example, may become important further down the line. Find out the extent of improvements you would be able to make (if any) and what permission you would need to obtain in order to do so.

2. Occupancy

* Who can share your accommodation with you, and for how long? The HDSRPA has things to say about occupancy, and this affects any scheme built under the Act.
It defines a “retired person” as someone who is 50 years of age or older. However, the particular village in which you want to live may have its own rules about the age of the people who live there – for example, it can restrict occupancy to those over the age of 60.
The HDSRPA also says no one other than a retired person or his or her spouse may live in accommodation set up under the HDSRPA “except with the written consent of all the holders of housing interests in the housing development scheme concerned”.
The sales agreement of the establishment concerned will spell out the particulars, but you will probably be constrained in some way with regard to having family members or friends stay with you and getting a house-sitter if you are away for any significant length of time.
You should also find out whether you would be allowed to have a nurse or carer of your own choice living with you full time if you were to need one.

3. Health care/frail care

* What property ownership structure governs frail care? The model for the frailcare section of your village may be different from the residential part. For example, residence in frail care may be on a life rights or a rental basis, whereas the rest of the village is sectional title.
* Are the village’s finances structured in a way that helps fund a change to frail care? Couples need to plan for a situation in which one of you needs to move to frail care and the other remains in your previous accommodation.
At the life rights villages run by Rand Aid, residents have to pay for frail care, but a percentage of the original loan (or purchase price) to the developer is available to subsidise the costs, the Rand Aid website says.
When the first person of a couple goes into frail care, 35 percent of the original purchase price is put into an interest-bearing account, and the interest is credited to the frailcare account. If or when the second person of the couple goes into frail care, 45 percent of the original purchase price goes into the interest-bearing account, it says.
For single people, interest on 80 percent of the original loan is used to help pay for frailcare costs.
(The article was sent to Rand Aid for fact checking, but they declined to comment or verify the facts.)
* Is acceptance at the frailcare centre guaranteed? You may think so, but residents cannot simply assume that they will be able to move into the frailcare section of the village in which they have been living.
For example, in the agreement of sale for Noordhoek Manor, Faircare makes it clear it has the sole discretion whether to house a person in the healthcare centre or to refuse admission (but it undertakes to consult about the matter with the general practitioner of the purchaser or occupier). The healthcare centre, which is operated commercially and for the profit of Faircare, is open to all qualifying people, but the inhabitants of Noordhoek Manor receive preference for beds and pay 20 percent less.

4. Governance

* What mechanisms are in place to resolve conflict and to deal with dissatisfaction about how the village is run? You, as a potential villager, need to know the way the retirement village handles conflict: do those in positions of responsibility ignore it, pretend to deal with it, or manage it constructively? If you encounter a problem that cannot be resolved within the governance structures of the village, is there an independent party to whom you can turn?
For example, Schuller says that Cape Retirement Lifestyles has an independent, whistleblowing hotline managed by Deloitte called Tip-offs Anonymous. “This service is available to all residents who want to lodge a complaint.”
If you are able to resort to a third party, find out whether it has the power to hold anyone accountable or the teeth to resolve issues.
After all, as Wisenberg says: “People go to a village to retire; the last thing they want to do is litigate.”

5. Conclusion

You will find sales agreements, financial statements and the minutes of AGMs invaluable as you look beyond the brochures of retirement villages. As you check up to see what you will actually be getting, remember also to speak to the residents of the villages on your shortlist – they will be able to give you the human story behind the neatly manicured hedges.
 
LIFE RIGHTS: OCCUPANCY WITHOUT OWNERSHIP
The money you pay to a life rights scheme does not entitle you to own any property. Instead, you receive the right to live in the scheme until you sell your right or until you die. If you have a spouse or a partner, the life right will remain in effect until both of you have died.
Your right to occupy accommodation is based on an agreement between you (the beneficiary) and the owner or management (grantor) of the scheme, or on your membership of a club or association.
Professor Gerrit Pienaar writes in his book Sectional Titles and Other Fragmented Property Schemes: “It is usually agreed that the beneficiary makes an interest-free loan to the grantor, repayable in full or partly at the termination of the agreement after the grantor has obtained a new beneficiary with a housing interest in the specific section or part of the accommodation.”
The loan is not taxable as a donation but is constructed in such a way that you are allowed the use of the property in lieu of interest on your loan, Pienaar says. Other features of a life right are that you cannot bequeath it or borrow money against it.
Life right holders, by their participation in the scheme, are automatically part of the management association.
The duties and powers of managing associations are described by the Housing Development Schemes for Retired Persons Act (HDSRPA), but, Pienaar says, a managing association can vote to expand its range of duties. Pienaar says the duties described by the regulations under the Act include:

• Controlling and managing the common property for the benefit of the members;
• Maintaining the common property and all accommodation in good repair;
• Insuring the buildings that comprise the scheme for their replacement value; and
• Preparing a detailed budget for the association (or having a budget prepared) for presentation at the annual general meeting.

The duties of the association can be restricted by a vote of members at a general meeting. And the association can appoint a management committee that, subject to the rules of the association, can “exercise all the powers and perform all the functions conferred upon it by the association”.
The regulations under the HDSRPA give managing associations the power, among other things, to:

• Establish a levy fund for expenses;
• Set and raise contributions by members to the fund, and enforce payment of the levies;
• Adopt and enforce rules of conduct;
• Determine the procedure to be followed at meetings as long as all matters are “determined by a simple majority of those present in person or by proxy”; and
• Assign any of its rights and obligations under the Act to a managing agent.

Arthur Case, general manager of Evergreen Lifestyles, says a life rights village and all its facilities remain the responsibility of the developer. This is a fundamental difference between life rights on one hand and sectional title and freehold developments on the other, he says.
“When a developer sells a life right, he takes on a number of long-term legal and moral responsibilities relating to the life right holder, including financial, healthcare and estate management duties.
“The developer can never dismantle the life right. In terms of the HDSRPA, only the life right holders themselves can do this, provided that more that 75 percent agree to do so at an annual general meeting or a special meeting.”
Case believes that developers of sectional title and freehold schemes have little incentive to build cost-efficiency and affordability of levies into their developments, because maintenance of the development remains the responsibility of the residents. “Life right scheme developers, however, are keenly aware that the ongoing desirability and performance of their asset will depend on the quality, condition and affordability of the village, and this naturally incentivises them to ensure that all three aspects are carefully managed,” he says.
SHARE OWNERSHIP FOR RESIDENCY
You do not own fixed property in a share block scheme. Instead, you are a shareholder in a company that owns or has a registered long lease over a property. The company, via a use agreement, gives you the right to live in part of the property.
Your usage rights will be determined by the use agreement, the management rules and the articles of the company, Gerrit Pienaar, professor in the law faculty at North-West University, writes in his book Sectional Titles and Other Fragmented Property Schemes.
You can bequeath or sell your shareholding. However, the use agreement, rules or the articles may stipulate who can occupy or buy your interest, in addition to the occupation rules laid down in the Housing Development Schemes for Retired Persons Act (HDSRPA).
Arthur Case, general manager of Evergreen Lifestyles, says: “Because the buyer doesn’t obtain a title to the share block unit, financial institutions do not obtain sufficient security if they choose to offer bond finance for the purchase of the unit. Due to this, the majority of financial institutions do not offer such finance.”
There are obvious dangers to owning a share in a company rather than the title deeds to a unit.
Conveyancer Paul Wisenberg points out that, on the insolvency of a share block company, the underlying property may be sold in execution, which would leave the share block owners as concurrent creditors. This means they would be last in line – after secured creditors and preferent creditors – for their share of the assets to be distributed.
The protection you do have lies in the Companies Act, the Share Blocks Control Act and the HDSRPA.
Case says the Share Blocks Control Act gives prospective investors the opportunity to obtain full disclosure when deciding whether or not to buy shares in a share block company. “It also regulates the procedure for the conversion of the share block to sectional title, which is fairly common practice.”
You, as a shareholder, will play a role in the management of the scheme through a general meeting of shareholders, Case says.
“There also exists a set of management rules, similar to the rules in a sectional title scheme, which regulate the manner in which an owner or tenant occupies a unit.
“A share block company does not have regular income, and in order to maintain the property, the directors of a share block company establish a levy fund to which the shareholders contribute in order for the company to meet its running expenses. Shareholders are never liable for the debts of the company, though.”
OCCUPANCY BASED ON TITLE DEEDS
Your right to occupy sectional title property is based on your ownership of a section plus an undivided share of the common property.
You may also have exclusive use of part of the common property, such as an exclusive-use parking bay. It may be designated yours because it is registered as such in the Deeds Office or because the rules of the scheme determine it is yours. You can sell and bequeath your section, and borrow against it if necessary.
Your ownership of a section means you are automatically part of the body corporate, which manages the scheme – often with the help of a managing agent.
The governance of a sectional title development is determined by the Sectional Titles Act and its Prescribed Management Rules. The body corporate may add its own management and conduct rules by unanimous or special resolutions, as may be applicable.
The body corporate, represented by an elected board of trustees, manages and controls all the common property, including the land, the gardens, roads, foundations and roofs, lifts and foyers.
The powers of the body corporate include approving the budget. The trustees raise general levies, which have to be approved by the body corporate, and special levies, which in most cases have to be approved by the body corporate.
Here is a printable PDF document of a “Summary of Questions to Ask before you Sign“